Overview
A 1996 report to OASD-SO/LIC organized nonlethal technologies into six categories, providing a comprehensive framework for understanding the technology landscape. The DOD does not provide official categorization, reflecting its "wait and see" position on the maturity of these technologies.
Technology Categories
Mechanical
Examples include projectiles, fluids, binding agents, conductive devices, obscurants, and mechanical sabotage devices with both counterpersonnel and countermateriel applications. The Nonlethal Weapon Capability Set is a fielded example providing crowd/riot control for rifle companies.Electromagnetic
Conductive carbon fibers have been strategically employed in operations Desert Storm and Allied Force, released over power stations by cruise missiles to cause widespread electrical resistance through contact with wires.Acoustic
High-intensity sound technologies are being explored as nonlethal weapons. The Marine Corps has conducted research on this category.Biological
This category includes biological agents for potential military use. Weapons use of biological technology remains controversial, though nonlethal applications appear more acceptable than lethal ones.Chemical
Nonlethal chemical weapon use is considered more acceptable than biological weapons. DOD authorizes nonlethal chemical weapons research and development. The Overhead Chemical Agent Dispersal System (OCADS) has been researched by the Directorate.Supporting Technologies
Includes delivery systems such as manned aircraft and Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), with proper modifications any weapon system could employ these technologies.Legal Considerations
The DOD position distinguishes between counterpersonnel and countermateriel uses: nonlethal countermateriel applications are acceptable, while counterpersonnel uses require additional scrutiny. The legal review process evaluates whether technologies meet the criteria set by DOD Directive 3000.3.
Related Pages
nonlethal-weapons-program-history — The evolution and organizational structure of the program
dod-directive-3000.3 — Policy framework governing nonlethal weapons employment